This is a chapter in the 3rd  edition of the “Red book,” the core reference for the Orientation and Mobility (O&M) field. Our goal for the chapter was to merge theories from the spatial cognition literature with O&M techniques to highlight some of the challenges associated with navigating without vision and provide a framework for practical solutions. While the end result was significantly altered throughout the editorial process, the chapter provides a good background of the issues relating to blind/low-vision navigation. Our take home message is that navigation is a spatial problem solving process which would benefit greatly from improvements in technology and teaching of requisite spatial skills.